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NASA’s Advanced Information Systems Technology (AIST) Program identifies, develops, and supports adoption of software and information systems, as well as novel computer science technologies expected to be needed by the Earth Science Division in the 5-10-year timeframe. AIST’s thrusts have been New Observing Strategies (NOS) and Analytic Collaborative Frameworks (ACF). A third thrust — Earth System Digital Twins (ESDT) — is being pursued under the newest ESTO program: Advanced Modeling Technology (AMT). NOS Technologies NOS Technologies, which respond to Objective O1, concentrate on optimizing measurement acquisitions by using diverse observing and modeling capabilities, representing various resolutions, dynamically coordinated and collaborating to provide complete representations of Earth Science phenomena. The observing assets can be in space, in the air, or in situ, and the observed phenomena may exist on a variety of spatial or temporal scales (e.g., real-time tracking of hazards and disasters or long-term asset coordination for continuous ecosystem monitoring). NOS can be described as a federated Observing System, a generalized SensorWeb, or more generally as an “Internet-of-Space (IoS)” concept in which each node can be a sensor, a group of sensors, a constellation of satellites (e.g., Earth System Observatory concept), a model or integrated models, or even database(s) or any other source of relevant information, that have varying degrees of coordination to achieve a common science objective. The two main NOS goals are to: Design and develop future observation concepts at the request of a new measurement, for example as identified in the latest Decadal Survey or as the result of a model or other science data analysis; and Dynamically respond to science and applied science events of interest, not only focusing on rapid disaster-like events, but also considering mid- and long-term events and various area coverages, from global to regional to local-impact events, (e.g., distressed vegetation, potential landslides due to runoff, etc.).ACF technologies respond to AIST Objective O2 and address the challenges associated to observing systems such as NOS systems which will acquire an increased variety and volume of data over various geographical scales, latencies, and frequencies. The ACF thrust is designed to facilitate access, integration, and understanding of large amounts of disparate datasets. Its purpose is to harmonize analytics tools, data, visualization and computing environments to meet the needs of Earth science investigations and applications. The ACF thrust integrates new or previously unlinked datasets, tools, models, and a variety of computing resources together into a common platform to address previously intractable scientific and science-informed application questions. Additionally, this activity seeks to generalize custom or unique tools that are currently used by a limited community of experts or practitioners, to make them accessible and useful to a broader community. ACF focuses on reducing the amount of time a science user spends on data preparation and enables the tailoring of configurations of datasets and reusable tools to avoid repetitive work (e.g., by developing reusable components).Once an Earth observing mission is in operation, we can expect a lot of data back on land. Data from different missions often arrive in different formats, and when combined with ground-based and airborne-derived data, things get tricky. Scientists can look to this framework, which incorporates software tools like machine learning, to help them more easily use and visualize the data in their research.AI types of capability This classification defines AI models based on their intelligence level and problem-solving abilities. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): This is the only form of AI that currently exists. ANI models are designed to perform a single, specific task, such as identifying images, engaging in chat, or filtering emails. Examples include voice assistants, facial recognition technology, and generative AI models like Gemini and other large language models (LLMs). Despite its name, ANI does not possess reasoning or self-awareness; instead, it combines data with an algorithm to make predictions within predefined parameters. While ANI offers many benefits, it also carries risks, as poor training data can lead to biased or inaccurate outputs, which can be critical in applications like loan approvals, hiring decisions, and predictive policing. Cybercriminals can also potentially exploit ANI to create sophisticated AI-driven scams. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): This is a proposed future step in AI technology. Theoretically, AGI would be capable of performing a broad range of tasks and would utilize human-like reasoning to learn, adapt, and improve. AGI does not yet exist. Unlike ANI, AGI is expected to be adaptive, autonomous, and capable of learning from its actions. Fictional examples include droids from Star Wars. However, AGI may raise significant safety and ethical concerns, as malicious actors could program AGI with harmful intent, leading to potentially limitless destructive capabilities if unregulated. Artificial Superintelligence (ASI): This is the most advanced theoretical form of AI. ASI would be a self-aware entity operating beyond human control, significantly surpassing human intelligence in reasoning, creativity, and even emotional intelligence. Like other forms of AI, there are concerns that ASI could pose an existential threat to humanity, with some AI researchers suggesting a non-negligible chance of extremely bad outcomes, including human extinction.

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Access for the whole family! Bundle Britannica Premium and Kids for the ultimate resource destination. Egyptian goddess Bastet limestone ostracon depicting a cat, a boy, and a mouse magistrateLimestone ostracon with a drawing of a cat bringing a boy before a mouse magistrate, New Kingdom Egypt, 20th dynasty (1200–1085 bce); in the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures Museum at the University of Chicago. Cats held special status in ancient Egypt, where they evolved from useful predators protecting granaries from rodents to revered symbols of divinity. They were cherished pets, seen as divine protectors—in this life and the afterlife—and talismans of good fortune whose bodies may even be inhabited by gods. Cat cults and the temple worship of cats arose. Egyptian royalty adorned their cats in gold, while the lower classes made and wore jewelry depicting cats. Cat images were prominent in Egyptian art, on the walls of tombs, and on artifacts of daily life. Thousands of cat mummies have been discovered in Egypt, along with mouse mummies, presumably to provide food for the cats in the afterlife. All of this attests to the great social and cultural importance afforded cats in ancient Egypt. Egyptian mummified cat Egyptian mummified catMummified cat from ancient Egypt. Cats have long been known to other cultures too. Wall tiles in Crete dating to 1600 bce depict hunting cats. In Greece evidence from art and literature indicates that the cat was present there from the 5th century bce, and tiles featuring cats appeared in China from 500 bce. In India cats were mentioned in Sanskrit writings about 100 bce, while the Arabs and the Japanese were not introduced to the cat until about 600 ce. The earliest record of cats in Britain dates to about 936 ce, when Hywel Dda, prince of south-central Wales, enacted laws for their protection. Associations with human culture Cats have also figured prominently in assorted religions and world literatures. Surprisingly, the cat is mentioned only once in the Bible, in the Letter of Jeremiah. The Norse goddess Freyja was said to have a golden chariot pulled by two white longhaired cats, and the Egyptians revered a cat-headed goddess named Bastet. Japanese maneki-neko (“beckoning cat”) Japanese maneki-neko (“beckoning cat”)Maneki-neko (“beckoning cat”) sculpture at Hinoki Land, a park dedicated to Japanese culture in Chai Prakan district, Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. A symbol of good luck in Japan, the beckoning cat is commonly portrayed in figurines and seen throughout Japan, especially in shops and restaurants. Cats have also been long associated with sorcery and witchcraft, leading to their frequent mistreatment throughout history. Black cats in particular have been tied to witches, and at times they were burned alive along with their supposed witch cohorts. Superstitions involving cats are also prevalent. For example, in many Western countries, a black cat is considered bad luck, though the same cat in Japan is considered an omen of good fortune. Maneki-neko (“beckoning cat”) figurines, usually portrayed with one raised paw, are especially common in Japan. Usually portrayed as white or calico, maneki-neko is frequently seen in shops and restaurants and is a symbol of prosperity and good luck. (According to legend, maneki-neko was not a black cat; she was a calico.) Andrew Lloyd Webber's hit musical Cats Andrew Lloyd Webber's hit musical CatsBritish cast of the hit musical Cats, by Andrew Lloyd Webber, performing at the Beiteddine Palace, Beiteddine, Lebanon, July 3, 2002. Dick Whittington and his cat Dick Whittington and his catDick Whittington and his cat, engraving by Renold (Renier) Elstracke, early 17th century. The cat is also a familiar figure in nursery rhymes, stories, and popular entertainment. The Greek writer Aesop made frequent mention of cats in his fables. The English legend of Dick Whittington details his journey from rags to riches due to his cat’s mousing prowess. Writers Théophile Gautier and Charles Baudelaire paid the cat homage, and in the 20th century Rudyard Kipling, Colette, and T.S. Eliot wrote about cats. Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Cats (1981) became one of the longest-running shows on Broadway. As mentioned earlier, the cat family is commonly divided between cats that roar and cats that purr. Concerning the domestic cat, it is perfectly designed for two prime functions—pest control and companionship—and people can select a cat according to which purpose is mainly desired. Because differences between cat breeds can be subtle, especially compared with the differences between dog breeds, cats are routinely identified according to a basic physical characteristic, such as color, coat pattern, body size, or hair length. “Black,” “orange tabby,” “longhaired,” “shorthaired”—all are common categories by which cats are identified, advertised, and sought. A cat breed is a group of related felines that share a conformation, meaning a similar physical appearance, or a common geographic region of origin. As cats spread around the world, pockets of cats adjusted to their unique environments and passed on their adaptations to their offspring. For example, such breeds as the Siberian and Norwegian Forest Cat developed long dense coats to protect themselves from the harsh winters in Russia and Norway. Recent genetic studies have helped determine the origins of some of the oldest recognized breeds. In general, the world’s domestic cats (pedigreed and random-bred) come from four areas: Asia, western Europe, East Africa, and the Mediterranean basin. Breed “standards” are written guidelines describing the attributes that make an ideal example of the breed. These standards are usually drafted by breeders involved in establishing or promoting the breed and are approved by cat associations.

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